Introduction
The world “engineering” derived from the Latin word “ingeniare” means “to design” or “to create”. Although the New Oxford Dictionary of English (1999) defines “engineering” as “the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines and structures” and “technology” as the “application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose, especially in industry”, to-day it is no longer possible to draw any such dividing line. This perhaps has prompted the use of the nomenclatures Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and Master of Technology (M.Tech) along with the traditional ones, namely, Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) and Master of Engineering (M.E). The names of colleges and institutions also include such terms as “engineering” “technology” and “engineering and technology”. Whatever may be the nomenclature of the awards or the names of institutions, they encompass both “engineering” and “technology”.
Engineering education in India has a long tradition, the beginning of which goes back to the year 1847. In that year was establishes the Thomason College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee, later to become the Roorkee University (1949), the first engineering university in the country. This was followed by the establishment of the College of Engineering in Pune in 1854 which is still in existence. The Civil Engineering College in Howrah came up in 1856 to impart training to the engineering personnel of the PWD. The first degree examination in civil engineering was held in 1864. In 1921, it was renamed the Bengal engineering College, which was accorded the deemed university status in 1992. In Mumbai, Victoria jubilee Technological Institute (now Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute) was set up in 1887.
Another landmark in the history of engineering education was the establishment of the National Council of Education (Calcutta) in 1908 in the wake of nationalist movement of 1905-06. It established the nucleus of an institution for imparting education in engineering and technology which in 1919, developed into the College of Engineering and Technology. The College, through a State Act, became the jadavpur University in 1955, a unitary university now consisting of Faculties of Arts, Science, and Engineering and Technology.
In 1909 was established the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore which owes its existence to the vision and munificence of the late J.N.Tata. It offers only postgraduate and research programmes. In 1958, it was accorded the deemed university status. Besides engineering colleges, separate colleges of technology, such as, College of Textile Technology, Serampore, West Bengal (1908), Government Central Textile Institute, Kanpur (1914), Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur (1921) University Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay (1934) which now enjoys autonomous status, and Laxminarayan Institute of Technology (1942) were also established in the pre-independent days.
It was only after Independence that engineering and technological education got a great boost. The development of technical education has been one of the major achievements of the post-Independence period. The creation of the All-India Council of Technical Education in 1945, and the Report of the Scientific Manpower Committee (1947) has a far reaching influence in this development. The reports of the Engineering Personnel Committee (1956), and the Committee for Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research (1961) gave an impetus to higher level technical education.
The growth of educational facilities has been phenomenal during the last decade. The outturn of graduates in engineering doubled within a span of 10 years from about 30,000 in 1987 to 60,000 in 1996. During the same period, the outturn of polytechnic diploma holders increased from 56,560 to 95,283. A comprehensive account of the progress of technical education since Independence is available in the book Technical Education in Independent India (1947-1997) published by the All India Council of Technical Education in 1999.
Part-Time Programmes
Many universities now offer part-time programmes generally of four-year duration in different branches of engineering and technology. The programmes are open to working diploma holders or diploma holders having working experience for specified periods. Admissions are made through separate entrance tests. Part-time M.E/M.Tech programmes (five semesters) are also offered by a number of institutions.
The world “engineering” derived from the Latin word “ingeniare” means “to design” or “to create”. Although the New Oxford Dictionary of English (1999) defines “engineering” as “the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines and structures” and “technology” as the “application of scientific knowledge for practical purpose, especially in industry”, to-day it is no longer possible to draw any such dividing line. This perhaps has prompted the use of the nomenclatures Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and Master of Technology (M.Tech) along with the traditional ones, namely, Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) and Master of Engineering (M.E). The names of colleges and institutions also include such terms as “engineering” “technology” and “engineering and technology”. Whatever may be the nomenclature of the awards or the names of institutions, they encompass both “engineering” and “technology”.
Engineering education in India has a long tradition, the beginning of which goes back to the year 1847. In that year was establishes the Thomason College of Civil Engineering at Roorkee, later to become the Roorkee University (1949), the first engineering university in the country. This was followed by the establishment of the College of Engineering in Pune in 1854 which is still in existence. The Civil Engineering College in Howrah came up in 1856 to impart training to the engineering personnel of the PWD. The first degree examination in civil engineering was held in 1864. In 1921, it was renamed the Bengal engineering College, which was accorded the deemed university status in 1992. In Mumbai, Victoria jubilee Technological Institute (now Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute) was set up in 1887.
Another landmark in the history of engineering education was the establishment of the National Council of Education (Calcutta) in 1908 in the wake of nationalist movement of 1905-06. It established the nucleus of an institution for imparting education in engineering and technology which in 1919, developed into the College of Engineering and Technology. The College, through a State Act, became the jadavpur University in 1955, a unitary university now consisting of Faculties of Arts, Science, and Engineering and Technology.
In 1909 was established the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore which owes its existence to the vision and munificence of the late J.N.Tata. It offers only postgraduate and research programmes. In 1958, it was accorded the deemed university status. Besides engineering colleges, separate colleges of technology, such as, College of Textile Technology, Serampore, West Bengal (1908), Government Central Textile Institute, Kanpur (1914), Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur (1921) University Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay (1934) which now enjoys autonomous status, and Laxminarayan Institute of Technology (1942) were also established in the pre-independent days.
It was only after Independence that engineering and technological education got a great boost. The development of technical education has been one of the major achievements of the post-Independence period. The creation of the All-India Council of Technical Education in 1945, and the Report of the Scientific Manpower Committee (1947) has a far reaching influence in this development. The reports of the Engineering Personnel Committee (1956), and the Committee for Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research (1961) gave an impetus to higher level technical education.
The growth of educational facilities has been phenomenal during the last decade. The outturn of graduates in engineering doubled within a span of 10 years from about 30,000 in 1987 to 60,000 in 1996. During the same period, the outturn of polytechnic diploma holders increased from 56,560 to 95,283. A comprehensive account of the progress of technical education since Independence is available in the book Technical Education in Independent India (1947-1997) published by the All India Council of Technical Education in 1999.
Part-Time Programmes
Many universities now offer part-time programmes generally of four-year duration in different branches of engineering and technology. The programmes are open to working diploma holders or diploma holders having working experience for specified periods. Admissions are made through separate entrance tests. Part-time M.E/M.Tech programmes (five semesters) are also offered by a number of institutions.
Career Opportunities
Though there is a glut off graduates in some branches of engineering and technology leading to unemployment, the field continues to offer reasonable rewarding career opportunities to the brighter ones. What should, however be noted is that, the standard and reputation of institutions in which the candidates study have a great bearing of their success in the employment market. Products of colleges and institutions which survive on the basis of year-to-year recognition because of their inability to conform to the norms specified by the AICTE in respect of workshops, laboratories, libraries, equipment and qualified teachers, are certainly at a disadvantage in the highly competitive job market.
But choosing the right institution and branch of study having good career potentials are often, beyond the control of individuals. Those who want to enter the job market without entering the portals of engineering colleges can opt for the Special Class Railway Apprentices' Examination conducted annually by the Union Public Service Commission. The eligibility requirement is a pass in 10+2 examination with Mathematics and Physics or Chemistry. Successful completion of the apprenticeship leads to the absorption in the Indian Railway Services of Mechanical Engineers. The Department of Secondary Education and Higher Education operates the National Schemes of Apprenticeship Training among others, for engineering graduates. The Scheme, however, does not guarantee any employment after completion of the training.
Both the Central and State governments continue to be the major employers of engineers particularly in such branches as Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering. As regards the Central Government, the Union Public Service Commission conducts an annual Engineering Services Examination for recruitment to the Group A Services and posts in various technical departments and establishments. The Services fall into four categories, viz., Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
The eligibility requirement is a degree in engineering or Associate Memberships of professional institutions which are recognised by the UPSC as equivalent to engineering degree. Holders of M.Sc degrees or its equivalent with Wireless Communications, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engineering as special subjects of study, are acceptable only for certain services and posts.
The near demise of public sector industries, which at one point of time used to absorb a large number of engineering graduates, has considerably shrunken the scope of employment in this sector. Though the corresponding growth in the private sector is not very encouraging, it is still the best bet for engineers seeking lucrative careers.
Since it is the age of specialisation, acquisition of a postgraduate degree (M.E/M.Tech) preferably in newly emerging areas would go a long way in ensuring a satisfying career. For example, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) offers excellent career opportunities for motivated engineering postgraduates in its different units including Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd., and Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (Kalpakkam). The activities of the Department being multi-disciplinary in nature, it needs post-graduates in several engineering branches. The Training School of the Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (Mumbai-400085) organises annual Orientation Courses for Engineering Graduates and Science Postgraduates (OCES) and Engineering Postgraduates (OCEP) of five-month duration. On successful completion of the course, candidates are appointed in any of the units of the DAE as Scientific Officers grossing about Rs.15,000.00 per month.
Teaching and research careers are no less rewarding. With the proliferation of engineering colleges and technological institutions, postgraduates and doctoral degree holders can join the teaching profession. The profession also provides learning opportunities to enrich one's knowledge base. The major scientific establishments, other than the DAE, such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation with their vast network of research establishments offer research careers in many front line areas of engineering and technology.
Last but not the least, engineers and technologists have the option to migrate to management profession and Civil Services. Both in the prestigious management schools and civil services, there is now a visible presence of engineers and technologists. Needless to mention that successful careers in the field demand that engineers and technologists must be computer-savy.
Though there is a glut off graduates in some branches of engineering and technology leading to unemployment, the field continues to offer reasonable rewarding career opportunities to the brighter ones. What should, however be noted is that, the standard and reputation of institutions in which the candidates study have a great bearing of their success in the employment market. Products of colleges and institutions which survive on the basis of year-to-year recognition because of their inability to conform to the norms specified by the AICTE in respect of workshops, laboratories, libraries, equipment and qualified teachers, are certainly at a disadvantage in the highly competitive job market.
But choosing the right institution and branch of study having good career potentials are often, beyond the control of individuals. Those who want to enter the job market without entering the portals of engineering colleges can opt for the Special Class Railway Apprentices' Examination conducted annually by the Union Public Service Commission. The eligibility requirement is a pass in 10+2 examination with Mathematics and Physics or Chemistry. Successful completion of the apprenticeship leads to the absorption in the Indian Railway Services of Mechanical Engineers. The Department of Secondary Education and Higher Education operates the National Schemes of Apprenticeship Training among others, for engineering graduates. The Scheme, however, does not guarantee any employment after completion of the training.
Both the Central and State governments continue to be the major employers of engineers particularly in such branches as Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering. As regards the Central Government, the Union Public Service Commission conducts an annual Engineering Services Examination for recruitment to the Group A Services and posts in various technical departments and establishments. The Services fall into four categories, viz., Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
The eligibility requirement is a degree in engineering or Associate Memberships of professional institutions which are recognised by the UPSC as equivalent to engineering degree. Holders of M.Sc degrees or its equivalent with Wireless Communications, Electronics, Radio Physics or Radio Engineering as special subjects of study, are acceptable only for certain services and posts.
The near demise of public sector industries, which at one point of time used to absorb a large number of engineering graduates, has considerably shrunken the scope of employment in this sector. Though the corresponding growth in the private sector is not very encouraging, it is still the best bet for engineers seeking lucrative careers.
Since it is the age of specialisation, acquisition of a postgraduate degree (M.E/M.Tech) preferably in newly emerging areas would go a long way in ensuring a satisfying career. For example, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) offers excellent career opportunities for motivated engineering postgraduates in its different units including Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd., and Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (Kalpakkam). The activities of the Department being multi-disciplinary in nature, it needs post-graduates in several engineering branches. The Training School of the Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (Mumbai-400085) organises annual Orientation Courses for Engineering Graduates and Science Postgraduates (OCES) and Engineering Postgraduates (OCEP) of five-month duration. On successful completion of the course, candidates are appointed in any of the units of the DAE as Scientific Officers grossing about Rs.15,000.00 per month.
Teaching and research careers are no less rewarding. With the proliferation of engineering colleges and technological institutions, postgraduates and doctoral degree holders can join the teaching profession. The profession also provides learning opportunities to enrich one's knowledge base. The major scientific establishments, other than the DAE, such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation with their vast network of research establishments offer research careers in many front line areas of engineering and technology.
Last but not the least, engineers and technologists have the option to migrate to management profession and Civil Services. Both in the prestigious management schools and civil services, there is now a visible presence of engineers and technologists. Needless to mention that successful careers in the field demand that engineers and technologists must be computer-savy.
Major Branches of Engineering
Acoustic Engineering : Designing of buildings and rooms to make them quiet, improving conditions for listening to speech and music in auditoriums and halls and developing techniques and sound absorbing materials to reduce noise pollution
Aerospace Engineering : Developing of various technologies relating to aircrafts, spaceships and missiles that are designed for flight in the earth’s atmosphere and in outer space
Aeronautical Engineering : Applying engineering principles and techniques to the design construction and operation of aircrafts
Agricultural Engineering : Designing agricultural equipment, erosion control and irrigation and land conservation projects, and processing, transporting and storing of agricultural products
Automobiles Engineering : Developing various technologies relating to automobiles and other motor vehicles and their design and management of production
Biomedical Engineering : Applying engineering techniques to health related problems
Chemical Engineering : Deals with the large-scale processing of chemicals and chemical products for industrial and consumer uses
Civil Engineering :
Computer Engineering : Developing and improving computers, storage and printout units and computer information network
Electrical Engineering : Developing, producing and testing of electrical and electronic devises and equipment, such as, generators to produce and distribute electricity, electric motors and other electrical machinery, transmission lines
Electronics Engineering : Concerns the production of communication equipment, computers, medical and scientific instruments, radar, radio and TV sets
Environmental Engineering : Overall efforts to prevent and control air, water, soil and noise pollution using various engineering techniques
Industrial Engineering : Applying engineering analysis and techniques to the production of goods and techniques more particularly mathematical models developed on computer to simulate flow of work through the organisation and to evaluate the effects of any proposed changes (see also Production Engineering)
Instrumentation and Control Engineering : Designing and using scientific instruments for purpose, such as, communication, control, computation, direction, or measurement
Marine Engineering : Concerns the production of propelling machinery and auxiliary equipment for use on ships
Materials Engineering : Concerns the structure, properties, production and use of various material – metallic and non-metallic 9including synthetic) – Substances
Mechanical Engineering : Concerns production transmission and the use of mechanical power, designing, operating and testing of all kinds of machines
Metallurgical Engineering : Separating metals from their ores and preparing them for use, i.e., refining them to a pure state (extractive metallurgy) and converting refined materials into useful finished products (physical metallurgy)
Mining Engineering : The integrated application of multiple scientific and engineering disciplines to the extraction of natural materials from the earth’s crust
Naval Architecture : The design and construction of ships and other vehicles
Nuclear Engineering : The handling, control and application of nuclear materials and reactors for generating useful energy
Ocean Engineering : The design and installation of all kinds of equipment used in oceans
Petroleum Engineering : The production, storage and transporting petroleum and natural gas
Production Engineering : The design and operation of productive processes and facilities (see also Industrial Engineering)
Textile Engineering : Concerns machinery and processes used to produce both natural and synthetic fibres and fabrics
Transportation Engineering : The efforts to make transportation safer, more economical and efficient.
Acoustic Engineering : Designing of buildings and rooms to make them quiet, improving conditions for listening to speech and music in auditoriums and halls and developing techniques and sound absorbing materials to reduce noise pollution
Aerospace Engineering : Developing of various technologies relating to aircrafts, spaceships and missiles that are designed for flight in the earth’s atmosphere and in outer space
Aeronautical Engineering : Applying engineering principles and techniques to the design construction and operation of aircrafts
Agricultural Engineering : Designing agricultural equipment, erosion control and irrigation and land conservation projects, and processing, transporting and storing of agricultural products
Automobiles Engineering : Developing various technologies relating to automobiles and other motor vehicles and their design and management of production
Biomedical Engineering : Applying engineering techniques to health related problems
Chemical Engineering : Deals with the large-scale processing of chemicals and chemical products for industrial and consumer uses
Civil Engineering :
Computer Engineering : Developing and improving computers, storage and printout units and computer information network
Electrical Engineering : Developing, producing and testing of electrical and electronic devises and equipment, such as, generators to produce and distribute electricity, electric motors and other electrical machinery, transmission lines
Electronics Engineering : Concerns the production of communication equipment, computers, medical and scientific instruments, radar, radio and TV sets
Environmental Engineering : Overall efforts to prevent and control air, water, soil and noise pollution using various engineering techniques
Industrial Engineering : Applying engineering analysis and techniques to the production of goods and techniques more particularly mathematical models developed on computer to simulate flow of work through the organisation and to evaluate the effects of any proposed changes (see also Production Engineering)
Instrumentation and Control Engineering : Designing and using scientific instruments for purpose, such as, communication, control, computation, direction, or measurement
Marine Engineering : Concerns the production of propelling machinery and auxiliary equipment for use on ships
Materials Engineering : Concerns the structure, properties, production and use of various material – metallic and non-metallic 9including synthetic) – Substances
Mechanical Engineering : Concerns production transmission and the use of mechanical power, designing, operating and testing of all kinds of machines
Metallurgical Engineering : Separating metals from their ores and preparing them for use, i.e., refining them to a pure state (extractive metallurgy) and converting refined materials into useful finished products (physical metallurgy)
Mining Engineering : The integrated application of multiple scientific and engineering disciplines to the extraction of natural materials from the earth’s crust
Naval Architecture : The design and construction of ships and other vehicles
Nuclear Engineering : The handling, control and application of nuclear materials and reactors for generating useful energy
Ocean Engineering : The design and installation of all kinds of equipment used in oceans
Petroleum Engineering : The production, storage and transporting petroleum and natural gas
Production Engineering : The design and operation of productive processes and facilities (see also Industrial Engineering)
Textile Engineering : Concerns machinery and processes used to produce both natural and synthetic fibres and fabrics
Transportation Engineering : The efforts to make transportation safer, more economical and efficient.
Specialisation In ME/MTech Courses
Chemical Engineering: Chemical Plant Design, Petrochemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Fertiliser Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, Advance Transfer Process, Computer Aided Process Plant Design, Industrial Pollution Abatement
Civil Engineering: Construction Management, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Geotechnology), Water Resources Engineering, Town and Regional Planning, Traffic and Transportation Planning, Off-shore Structure, Transportation Engineering, Geological Engineering, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering, Hydraulics and Flood Control Engineering, Urban Engineering
Electrical Engineering: Power Engineering, Power System, High Voltage, Engineering Control System Engineering, Measurement and Instrumentation, Power Apparatus System
Electronics and Communication Engineering: Electronics Product Design and Technology, Microwave and Radar Engineering, Digital Systems, Control and Systems Engineering Microelectronics, VLSI Design (See Chapter 52-A Mixed Bag), Optical Communication, Applied Electronics, Communication System, Solid State Electronics and Devices
Mechanical Engineering: Manufacturing Engineering, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Cryogenic Engineering, CAD-CAM. Thermal Engineering, Master of Engineering in Management, Maintenance Engineering, Machine Design Propulsion Engineering, Industrial Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Energy System and Pollution Control, Energy Systems Engineering, Heat Power Engineering, Machine Design and Analysis, Internal Combustion Engineering, Machine Tool Engineering
Metallurgy: Process Metallurgy. Foundry Technology, Materials Engineering, Industrial Metallurgy, Welding Engineering, Physical Metallurgy, Alloy Technology, Non-ferrous Metallurgy.
Chemical Engineering: Chemical Plant Design, Petrochemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Fertiliser Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, Advance Transfer Process, Computer Aided Process Plant Design, Industrial Pollution Abatement
Civil Engineering: Construction Management, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (Geotechnology), Water Resources Engineering, Town and Regional Planning, Traffic and Transportation Planning, Off-shore Structure, Transportation Engineering, Geological Engineering, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering, Hydraulics and Flood Control Engineering, Urban Engineering
Electrical Engineering: Power Engineering, Power System, High Voltage, Engineering Control System Engineering, Measurement and Instrumentation, Power Apparatus System
Electronics and Communication Engineering: Electronics Product Design and Technology, Microwave and Radar Engineering, Digital Systems, Control and Systems Engineering Microelectronics, VLSI Design (See Chapter 52-A Mixed Bag), Optical Communication, Applied Electronics, Communication System, Solid State Electronics and Devices
Mechanical Engineering: Manufacturing Engineering, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Cryogenic Engineering, CAD-CAM. Thermal Engineering, Master of Engineering in Management, Maintenance Engineering, Machine Design Propulsion Engineering, Industrial Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering, Energy System and Pollution Control, Energy Systems Engineering, Heat Power Engineering, Machine Design and Analysis, Internal Combustion Engineering, Machine Tool Engineering
Metallurgy: Process Metallurgy. Foundry Technology, Materials Engineering, Industrial Metallurgy, Welding Engineering, Physical Metallurgy, Alloy Technology, Non-ferrous Metallurgy.
Be/B.Tech In Chemical Engineering
A list of some institutions which offer courses in chemical engineering follows
Andhra Pradesh
* Andhra University College of Engineering (Visakhapatnam-530003)
* Bapatla Engineering College (Baptla-522101)
* University College of Technology (Autonomous) Osmania University (Hyderabad-500007)
* Regional Engineering College (Warangal-506004)
* S V University College of Engineering (Tirupati-517502)
A list of some institutions which offer courses in chemical engineering follows
Andhra Pradesh
* Andhra University College of Engineering (Visakhapatnam-530003)
* Bapatla Engineering College (Baptla-522101)
* University College of Technology (Autonomous) Osmania University (Hyderabad-500007)
* Regional Engineering College (Warangal-506004)
* S V University College of Engineering (Tirupati-517502)
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