Mughal Coinage

Mughal Coinage Technically, the Mughal period in India commenced in 1526 AD when Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the Sultan of Delhi and ended in 1857 AD when the British deposed and exiled Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor after the great uprising. The later emperors after Shah Alam II were little more than figureheads. The most significant monetary contribution of the Mughals was to bring about uniformity and consolidation of the system of coinage throughout the Empire. The system lasted long after the Mughal Empire was effectively no more. The system of tri-metalism which came to characterise Mughal coinage was largely the creation, not of the Mughals but of Sher Shah Suri (1540 to 1545 AD), an Afghan, who ruled for a brief time in Delhi. Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century. Together with the silver Rupiya were issued gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Dam. Where coin designs and minting techniques were concerned, Mughal Coinage reflected originality and innovative skills. Mughal coin designs came to maturity during the reign of the Grand Mughal, Akbar. Innovations like ornamentation of the background of the die with floral scrollwork were introduced. Jehangir took a personal interest in his coinage. The surviving gigantic coins, are amongst the largest issued in the world. The Zodiacal signs, portraits and literary verses and the excellent calligraphy that came to characterise his coins took Mughal Coinage to new heights. Coins of the Mughal Empire Mohur-Humayun One Rupee-Sher Shah Suri(Afghan) Mohur-Akbar Mohur-Aurangzeb Mohur-Farrukhsiyar The early years of Shah Jehan's reign brought forth a large variety of types; coin design was standardised towards the latter part of his reign. Aurangzeb, the last of the Grand Mughals was austere in his ways and orthodox in his beliefs. He did away with the Kalima, the Islamic Article of Faith from his coins, and the format of coins was standardised to incorporate the name of the ruler, the mint and the date of issue.

Medieval India Coinage

Medieval India Coinage Map of Medieval India, Courtesy Government of India The Arabs conquered Sindh in 712 AD and ruled it as a province of the Caliphate. By the 9th Century AD, provincial governors established independent rule and struck their own coins. However, it was with the emergence of Turkish Sultans of Delhi in the 12th Century that a decisive break was made with the past and the existing motifs were gradually replaced by Islamic devices, largely calligraphy. The unit of account came to be consolidated and was referred to as the 'tanka' with the 'jittals' as the smaller value coins. With the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) came the attempt at standardisation. This period was marked by a considerable expansion of the money economy. Coins were struck in gold, silver and copper. In the monetary system, the equation between gold and silver was probably at 1:10. The Khilji rulers issued coins in abundance with grandiloquent titles (Ala-ud-din Khilji struck coins assuming the title 'Sikandar al Sani', the second Alexander) as well as honorific epithets for mints (the Delhi mint bore titles 'Hazrat Dar-al-Khilafat, etc.). Description Obverse Reverse Coin of Nasiru-d-din Mahmud 1246 - 1266 AD Coin of Ghiyasu-d-din Balban 1266 - 1287 AD Coins of the Delhi Sultanate

SSC MATHEMATICS PAPER-2 FORMAT & BLUE PRINT

MODEL QUESTION PAPER FORMAT

SUBJECT :: MATHEMATICS

Paper - II                                                 Max Marks : 50                                   Time : 2 1/2 Hours.

This paper - II consists the following Topics/Chapters

Topic/Chapter

Number in the text book  & Chapter / Topic

7. Geometry

8. Analytic Geometry 

9. Trigonometry

10. Statistics

11. Matrices

12. Computing

There are two (2) parts : Part - "A" and part -"B"

Part - A                                                         35 Marks                                    Time : 2 Hours.

This part "A" consists for sections i.e., section I to IV

                                                                        Section - I                                 5x2=10Marks

( Short Answer Type )

Answer any five questions choosing at-least two (2) from each of the following groups i.e., Group "A" and Group "B".

Group " A" 

Under this group "A four (4) question ( i.e., questions 1 to 4 are given covering following Topics/ Chapters.

7. Geometry. 8.Analytic Geometry and 10 Statistics

( minimum of one question from each Chapter )

Group "B"

The four  (4) questions ( i.e., questions 5 to 8 ) of this group cover the following chapters.

9.Trigonometry 11. Matrices 12. Computing

( Minimum of one question from each Chapter)

                                                                       Section - II                                              4x1=4Marks

( Very Short Answer Type )

Answer any four (4) questions (i.e., questions 9to 14 ) from the following six questions.

(One question from each of the six chapters to be given)

Ancient India Coinage

Ancient India Coinage Punch Marked Coins The Indus valley civilisation of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa dates back between 2500 BC and 1750 BC. There, however, is no consensus on whether the seals excavated from the sites were in fact coins. Seals of Mohenjo-Daro The first documented coinage is deemed to start with 'Punch Marked' coins issued between the 7th-6th century BC and 1st century AD. These coins are called 'punch-marked' coins because of their manufacturing technique. Mostly made of silver, these bear symbols, each of which was punched on the coin with a separate punch. Punch Marked Coin, Silver Bentbar Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods : the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols. Description Obverse Reverse Seven Symbols Five Symbols Five Symbols Silver Punchmarked Coins Representative Symbols appearing on Punch Marked Coins Description Coin Asmaka Janapada Imperial Series Imperial Series Imperial Series Imperial Punch Marked Coins

Coming: Code of ethics for teachers

New Delhi: Like doctors and lawyers, teachers may soon be subject to a “code of professional ethics”, which includes clauses for disciplinary action over corporal punishment, private tuitions and other “anti-community” activities.

If accepted by the government, the proposed code would apply to school teachers across the country, from primary to secondary and senior secondary levels, and across government as well as private schools, with the aim of restoring "dignity and integrity" to the vocation of teaching.

SSC MATHEMATICS PAPER-1 FORMAT

MODEL QUESTION PAPER FORMAT

Mathematics Paper-1                                                                                     Time : 2 1/2hrs.

Max Marks : 50

Topic/Chapters/Units included in this paper are :

1.Statements and Sets

2.Functions

3.Polynomials

5.Real Numbers

6.Praogressions

This Paper-1 consits two Parts i.e., Part "A" and Part "B"

(This Part A consists four (4) sections i.e., Sections I to IV)

Part "A"                                                                                                              Time : 2hrs.

35Marks

(Short Answer Questions )

Anser any five question choosing at-least two (2) from each of the following two groups i.e., groups A & B

"A" Group

Under this Groups "A" 4 questions ( i.e., questions 1 to 4 ) are to be given covering the following Topics/Chapters.
1.Statements and Sets.
2.Functions
3.Polynomials

( Minimum of one question from each topic )

"B" Group
Under the Group "B". 4 questions (i.e questions 5 to 8 ) are to be given covering the following Topics/Chapters.
4.Linear/Programming
5.Real Numbers
6.Progressions

( Minimum of one question from topic )

Section - II                                    ( Very Short Answer Type )                        4x1=4Marks


Answer any four (4) questions from the following six (6)


Questions ( i.e., questions 9 to 14 )
(One question from eah of the six topics of this paper is to be included )


Section - III


Answer 4 questions choosing 2 (two) from each of the following 2 Groups A and B
Group "A" ( Questions 15 to 18 )
Four (4) questions overing the following Topics / Chapters are to be given
1. Statements & Sets.
2. Functions
3. Polynomials.


( Minimum of one question from each topic )


Group "B" (Questions 19 to 22 )
Four (4) questions overing the following Topics / Chapters are to be given
4. Linear Programming
5.Real Numbers
6. Progression
( Minimum of one question from each topic )
Section - IV                                                                                                                1x5=5Marks
(Problems involving Graphical Skills)
Answer any one question from the following :
two (2) questions (i.e., Questions 23 and 24 )
Two questions on the Graphical Skills covering the Paper-I Topics/Chapters.
i.e., Linear Programming, Quadratic Equations and Inequations.


Part - "B"                                                                                                            30x1/2=15Marks
                                                                                                                                Time : 1/2 Hour

(Objective Type )

This part consists 30 items under the following 3 forms

I.     Questions                   1 to 10                 ........     Multiple choice items
II.   Questions                 11 to 20                ........      Fill in the blanks
III. Questions                 21 to 30                ........      Matching type ( Master list)

************

Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers

List of B.Ed., Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

List of B.Ed., Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
For Download List Click Here 

::: Fake Universities in India :::

Fake Universities Alerts-Inside H E - University Grants Commission

Fake Universities

Mal Practices Alert regarding American University of Hawaii  State-wise List of fake Universities as on 08thDecember, 2009 Bihar Maithili University/Vishwavidyalaya, Darbhanga, Bihar. Delhi Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Varanasi (UP) Jagatpuri, Delhi. Commercial University Ltd., Daryaganj, Delhi. United Nations University, Delhi. Vocational University, Delhi. ADR-Centric Juridical University, ADR House, 8J, Gopala Tower, 25 Rajendra Place, New Delhi - 110 008. Indian Institute of Science and Engineering, New Delhi. Karnataka Badaganvi Sarkar World Open University Education Society, Gokak, Belgaum, Karnataka. Kerala St. John�s University, Kishanattam, Kerala. Madhya Pradesh Kesarwani Vidyapith, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra Raja Arabic University, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu D.D.B. Sanskrit University, Putur, Trichi, Tamil Nadu. West Bengal Indian Institute of Alternative Medicine, Kolkatta. Uttar Pradesh